What's happening is you are applying the Audio FX to the output of the (likely) Default DXi Synth.

In RB when you apply FX on a Track that uses the default synth, it applies to the whole synth. Therefore it affects all tracks.
Remember; Audio FX like '10 band EQ' must be applied AFTER the MIDI is converted to Audio (and because most soft synths output audio for all MIDI channels as a single stereo signal, they are all affected).

How to fix:
Remove the current 10 band EQ plugin so it is no longer applied to the default synth output.
Go to the track that you want to apply the (isolated) 10 band EQ to

Right-Click that track and select Port; assign it to it's own MIDI Port (there are 16 available), then assign another instance of the same synth to that Port ..

Now you can apply FX to that isolated instance of the synth without affecting the other tracks.

Hope that makes sense ..
Essentially you'll have one instance of the synth running the selected track with FX, and another instance running the rest of the tracks without the FX.

If RB behaved the other way (where each MIDI channel could have audio effects applied like how you described) it would require a separate instance of the synth for every MIDI track, which is much less efficient on the computer. Every SGU opened in RB would require 8 synths .. which would also be much more confusing for most users.

Make your sound your own!
.. I do not work here, but the benefits are still awesome