In general, I can hear and playback about seven notes, perhaps a bit more if I have listened to the song before.
Listening to the song more than three times does not help to figure out the note sequence.

At that point, I have to break it apart to figure it out. If the sequence is complex, meaning it is fast and contains many note values, sometimes I can loop it, but most of the time, I have to find the standard notation to figure it out.

I now have software called Synthesia, which is also useful but requires converting the song to Midi.

Some note sequences are a bit less trouble to remember, such as those in a scale that I recognize.

Recognizing chord progressions is pretty easy for major and minor chords, major 7th, dominate 7th, and most of the time, 6th chords. Other chords, like flat five or #9, are much more difficult for me to recognize.

My memory ability seems to change with age. From the 1950s forward, I can remember the melody and some of the lyrics to a large number of songs that I listened to on the radio but never played.

Certainly, things that stay in key are less trouble, but I think this has less to do with memory than having a good idea of what may come next.

I think it would be unusual for most nonmusicians to be able to remember more than a few notes.

As Trev said, there are people who have the ability to listen and repeat music note for note. I think those people fall into two categories: those who can do that naturally and those who learn to do that after much study.

Billy

“Amazing! I’ll be working with Jaco Pastorius, Charlie Parker, Art Tatum, and Buddy Rich, and you’re telling me it’s not that great of a gig?
“Well…” Saint Peter, hesitated, “God’s got this girlfriend who thinks she can sing…”