Andrew, think you've got the major options captured (maybe add key change/modulation?). But, to me (only), the approach to keeping the listener engaged is way too organic to reduce to techniques. My objective is to create a musical narrative that is complimentary to and on equal footing to the lyrical narrative. The music flexes and BREATHES and leaves the listener wanting to hear what's next, often with a combination of gentle repetition and a subtle new twist.

Sorry, this explanation stinks, and not everyone will agree with it. But it's the beginning of how I think about music in the context of a song with lyrics...


DC Ron
BiaB Audiophile
Presonus Studio One
StudioCat DAW dual screen
Presonus Faderport 16
Too many guitars (is that a thing?)