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This one is an American novelty blues song originally found in vaudeville performances from the early 20th century. The earliest known version published was from 1915 by Totts Davis and Ed Stafford titled ”He's In The Jailhouse Now”.
In 1924, Whistler's Jug Band from Louisville, Kentucky, recorded it under the title "Jail House Blues,", in fact it was the same song.
Two African-American bluesmen also recorded the song prior to Rodgers: Blind Blake in 1927 (in pic) and Jim Jackson in 1928. Jackson also copyrighted the song before Rodgers. Finally the Memphis Sheiks (a pseudonym for the Memphis Jug Band) recorded it in 1930. On some of the Memphis Sheiks' records, an African-American vaudeville performer named Bert Murphy is given credit for writing the song.
It later became associated with Jimmie Rodgers, by way of the yodeling country music versions he recorded in 1928 and 1930, and has been extensively covered in the subsequent years, often giving songwriting credit to Rodgers.
In my rendition of the first vaudeville version, I sing and play guitar and also tenor and plectrum banjo.
I produced this at my home with Band in a Box and Reaper.

****** Song Summary *************
Key=D , Tempo 90, Length (m:s)=3:23
Style is _BIGEASY.STY (Big Easy New Orleans Old and New)
MelodyCustom Synth is 072 - Clarinet, Oberkrainer [SN0322]
RealTracks used:
RealTracks in style: ~1792:Tuba, DixielandMedium Sw 110
RealTracks in style: 2165:Piano, Acoustic, Rhythm NewOrleansSwinginPop Sw 130
RealTracks in song: ~1977:Trumpet, Soloist DixielandMediumA-B Sw 110 (Bluesy)
RealTracks in song: ~493:Trombone, Jazz Ballad Sw 085 (Bluesy)
RealTracks in song: ~1965:Clarinet, Soloist DixielandMedium Sw 110
RealDrums in style:NewOrleansShuffle^04-a:Kick Shuffle , b:Ride, Shuffle